List of First Nations peoples in Canada

List of First Nations peoples

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The following is a partial list of First Nations peoples organized by linguistic-cultural area. This list does not include Metis or Canadian Inuit groups. The areas used here are in accordance to those developed by the enthologist and linguist Edward Sapir, and used by the Canadian Museum of Civilization.^[1]

Contents [hide] 1 British Columbia Coast 2 British Columbia Interior 3 Plains 4 Plateau 5 Western subarctic 6 Woodlands and eastern subarctic 6.1 Atlantic coastal region 6.2 St. Lawrence River Valley 7 See also 8 Notes

British Columbia Coast

These people traditionally ate fish, primarily salmon and silvery eulachon from the ocean, as well as fish from lakes and rivers, and roots and berries. Recently discovered clam gardens suggest that they were not limited only to hunting and gathering.'They made use of the forests of the Pacific to build dug-out canoes, and houses made of evenly-split planks of wood. They used tools made of stone and wood. The native peoples of the Pacific coast also made totem poles, a trait attributed to other tribes as well. In 2000 a land claim was settled between the Nisga'a people of British Columbia and the provincial government, resulting in the transfer of over 2,000 square kilometres of land to the Nisga'a. Major ethnicities include the:

• Coast Salish
  
  
  • Nuxálk (Bella Coola; not linguistically Coast Salish)
    
    
    • Kimsquit
    • Tallheo
    • Stuie
    • Kwatna
  • Shishalh (Sechelt)
  • Sḵwxwú7mesh (aka Squamish)
  • Pentlatch (aka Puntledge, extinct)
  • Qualicum
  • Comos-speaking
    
    
    • Sliammon (Mainland Comox)
    • Comos
    • Klahoose
  • Halkomelem-speaking
    
    
    • Cowichan
      
      
      • Somena
      • Quw'utsun
      • Quamichan
      • Clemclemaluts
      • Comiaken
      • Khenipsen
      • Kilpahlas
      • Koksilah
    • Penelakut
    • Lamalcha
    • Musqueam
    • Snuneymuxw (Nanaimo)
    • Tsleil-waututh (Burrard)
    • Sts'Ailes (Chehalis)
    • Stó:lō (Fraser River Salish)
      
      
      • Aitchelitz
      • Leq' a: mel
      • Matsqui
      • Popkum
      • Skway
      • Skawahlook
      • Skowkale
      • Squiala
      • Sumas
      • Tzeachten
      • Yakweakwioose
      • Chawathil
      • Cheam
      • Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt
      • Scowlitz (Scaulits)
      • Seabird Island
      • Shxw'ow'hamel
      • Soowahlie
      • Katzie
      • Kwantlen
      • Kwikwetlem (Coquitlam)
      • Tsawwassen
  • North Straits Salish-speaking
    
    
    • Songhees (aka Songish, aka Lekwungen)
    • T'Souke (Sooke)
    • Semiahmoo
    • Malahat
    • Tsartlip
    • Tsawout
    • Esquimalt
• New Westminster (no language affiliiation)
• Tsimshianic peoples (Northern Mainland)
  
  
  • Tsimshian
  • Gitksan
  • Nisga'a
• Haida
• Southern Wakashan peoples
  
  
  • Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)
    
    
    • Tla-o-qui-aht (Clayoquot)
    • Hesquiat
    • Mowachaht-Muchalaht
  • Ditidaht
  • Pacheedaht
• Northern Wakashan peoples (Central Coast)
  
  
  • Kwakwaka'wakw
    
    
    • Laich-kwil-tach (Euclataws/Yuculta aka Southern Kwakiutl)
      
      
      • Weewaikai (Cape Mudge)
      • Wewaykum (Campbell River)
    • Koskimo
    • 'Namgis
  • Haisla
    
    
    • Henaksiala
  • Heiltsuk
  • Wuikinuxv (Owekeeno)
• Tsetsaut (extinct)

 British Columbia Interior

• Inland Tlingit
  
  
  • Áa Tlein Kwáan (Atlin people)
  • Deisleen Kwáan (Teslin people)
• Athapaskan
  
  
  • Dakelh (Carrier)
    
    
    • Wet'suwet'en
  • Dene-thah (Slavey)
  • Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)
  • Sekani
  • Dunne-Za (Beaver)
  • Nicola Athapaskans (extinct)
  • Tahltan
  • Kaska Dena
• Interior Salish
  
  
  • Nlaka'pamux (Thompson people)
  • Okanagan
  • Secwepemc (Shuswap)
  • Sinixt (Lakes)
  • St'at'imc people (Lillooet) people
    
    
    • Lil'wat
    • Lower Stl'atl'imx
      
      
      • Nequatque
      • In-SHUCK-ch )
• Ktunaxa (Kootenay)

Plains

Main article: Plains Indians

These people traditionally used tipis covered with skins as their homes. Their main sustenance was the bison, which they used as food, as well as for all their garments. The leaders of some Plains tribes wore large headdresses made of feathers, something which is wrongfully attributed by some to all First Nations peoples. Major ethnicies include the:

• Anishinaabe
  
  
  • Plains-Ojibwa
• Blackfoot
  
  
  • Kainai (Blood)
  • North Peigan
  • Siksika
• Dene
  
  
  • Chipewyan
• Nakoda
  
  
  • Assiniboine
  • Stoney
• Plains-Cree
• Tasttine (Beaver)
• Tsuu T'ina (Sarcee)

Plateau

• Ktunaxa (Kootenay)
• Okanagan
• Colville
• Sinixt
• Yakama
• Palus
• Cayuse
• Coeur d'Alene
• Wasco
• Wishram
• St'at'imc (Lillooet)
• Nicola
• Nlaka'pamux (Thompson)
• Secwepemc (Shuswap)

Western subarctic

These peoples live in the boreal forest in what are now Canada's western provinces and territories. They were originally hunter-gatherers dependent on caribou, moose and the fur trade. Most spoke Athapaskan languages except the Crees and Inland Tlingit. Major ethnicities in the Yukon, Northwest Territories and the northern parts of the western provinces (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba) include the following:

• Cree
• Dene
  
  
  • Chipewyan
  • Sahtu (includes Bearlake, Hare and Mountain peoples)
  • Slavey
  • Tli Cho
  • Yellowknives
• Dunneza (also Dunne-za, Beaver, Tasttine)
• Gwich'in (Kutchin, Loucheaux)
• Hän
• Kaska
• Tagish
• Tahltan
• Inland Tlingit
• Southern and Northern Tutchone

 Woodlands and eastern subarctic

Main article: Eastern Woodlands tribes

Major ethnicies include the:

• Anishinaabe
  
  
  • Algonquin
  • Nipissing
  • Ojibwa
    
    
    • Mississaugas
    • Saulteaux
  • Oji-cree
  • Ottawa (Odawa)
  • Potawatomi
• Cree
• Innu (Montagnais and Naskapi)

Atlantic coastal region

• Beothuk (Newfoundland extinct)
• Innu (Labrador)
• Maliseet
• Mi'kmaq (Micmac)
• Passamaquoddy

 St. Lawrence River Valley

The largest First Nations group near the St. Lawrence waterway are the Iroquois. This area also includes the Wyandot (formerly referred to as the Huron) peoples of central Ontario, and the League of Five Nations who had lived in the United States, south of Lake Ontario. Major ethnicities include the:

• Anishinaabe
  
  
  • Algonquin
  • Nipissing
• Haudenosaunee (Iroquois)
  
  
  • Cayuga (Guyohkohnyo)
  • Mohawk {Kanien'kéhaka)
  • Oneida (Onayotekaono)
  • Onondaga (Onundagaono)
  • Seneca (Onondowahgah)
  • Tuscarora (Ska-Ruh-Reh)
• Munsee branch of the Lenape (Delawares)
• Neutral
• Tobacco
• Wyandot (Huron)

See also

Aboriginal peoples in Canada portal

• Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas
• Indigenous languages of the Americas
• List of First Nations governments
• List of Indian reserves in Canada
• List of Indian reserves in Canada by population
• List of Canadian Inuit
• List of place names in Canada of Aboriginal origin
• Notable Aboriginal people of Canada